Latex is a natural rubber that is obtained from the sap of the rubber tree and is found in many everyday items. Medical gloves, toys, rubber bands, and even condoms often contain latex. If you experience itching, redness, or irritation on your skin after using such items, it is possible that your reactions are caused by a latex allergy, an increasingly common condition.

Read the article to learn why latex hypersensitivity occurs, how it manifests itself, and what measures you can take to effectively protect yourself.

What is latex allergy?

Latex allergy is characterized by a hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system to proteins found in latex, the natural rubber extracted from the Hevea brasiliensis tree.

In sensitive people, the body mistakenly perceives these proteins as allergens, sees them as a threat, and produces histamine to defend itself, at which point allergic reactions such as itching, redness, rashes, or even breathing difficulties in severe cases occur.

Types of natural rubber allergy

There are several forms of allergic reactions associated with latex. They manifest differently in terms of the mechanism and intensity of symptoms. Two main types have been identified, namely type I allergy and type IV allergy.

Type I is the most severe form. Reactions occur quickly and can be dangerous. Symptoms such as hives, swelling, intense itching, and even anaphylactic shock can occur immediately after contact with latex.

Type IV allergy reactions occur later, 24 to 48 hours after exposure, and are generally manifested by skin conditions such as contact dermatitis.

In addition to the two main types of allergy, latex can also cause another type of reaction with symptoms similar to those of an allergy, but which does not occur as a response of the immune system. It is not an allergy per se, but a type of local, non-allergic irritation caused by friction or sweating of the skin under gloves, by powder in gloves or other additives, or by prolonged contact with latex.

Latex Allergy - Causes

The main cause of the immune system's overreaction to natural latex proteins is repeated exposure. This exposure can occur through skin contact, inhalation, or contact with mucous membranes.

Frequent use of powdered gloves, bandages, medical equipment, balloons, or other products containing latex can gradually sensitize the body, causing it to produce histamine to fight the allergens. This is how allergy symptoms appear.

Once the body is sensitized, symptoms can be triggered even after minimal exposure and can become increasingly severe with each contact.

Risk factors for latex allergy

Due to their occupation, certain people are more frequently exposed to natural latex proteins and thus have a higher predisposition to develop an allergy. Another risk factor is genetic predisposition, as an increased risk has been observed in people with a family history of allergic conditions.

Here are the main risk factors for developing latex hypersensitivity:

• Profession: Doctors, nurses, dentists, and other healthcare professionals who frequently use latex gloves, as well as people who work in the cleaning or rubber industries and have frequent contact with natural rubber proteins. Estimates show that about 8-12% of healthcare workers have latex sensitivity.
• Multiple surgeries: people who have undergone multiple surgeries, especially children with congenital malformations who are exposed since childhood.
• Food allergies: there is a concept called "latex-fruit syndrome" that associates latex allergy with other food allergies to bananas, kiwi, avocados or chestnuts, because some proteins in latex are similar to those in fruits and can cause similar symptoms.
• Genetic predisposition: it has been observed that the immune system reacts more strongly to potential allergens in people with a family history of allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis, eczema or asthma, which increases the risk of developing an allergy to latex.

Complications of latex allergy

Allergic reactions often involve mild symptoms, but there are cases where latex hypersensitivity can have serious consequences. Among the most severe complications is anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially fatal reaction that requires immediate medical intervention.

Aggravation of other respiratory conditions such as allergic asthma, as well as cross-reactions with certain foods that can expand the spectrum of allergies and dietary restrictions are also complications that people suffering from latex allergy may face.

Symptoms of latex allergy

Depending on the degree of sensitization, the amount of latex the person came into contact with, and the length of exposure, the allergy symptoms can be milder or more severe. Also, depending on the type of allergy, symptoms can appear within minutes of contact or even 1-2 days later.

Mild symptoms of latex allergy

In mild forms of latex allergy, patients may notice local reactions in the area that was exposed, such as on the hands after using latex gloves or in the genital area after using latex condoms:

• Redness
• Itching
• Burning sensation
• Hives-like rashes
• Minor discomfort

These symptoms usually disappear shortly after removing the latex product.

Moderate symptoms for latex allergy

Moderate forms of latex allergy occur especially in type IV and are often mistaken for simple irritation, which can prevent correct diagnosis. Symptoms can expand as the degree of sensitization increases and may include:

• Extensive rashes, inflammation, dryness, and cracking of the skin
• Swelling in contact areas
• Nasal congestion, sneezing and rhinorrhea
• Excessive tearing or conjunctivitis

The cause of these symptoms is not only direct skin contact with latex, but also the inhalation of allergenic proteins in the air, through latex particles or powder from gloves.

Severe symptoms for latex allergy

When sensitivity reaches a very high level, contact with latex can lead to severe symptoms such as:

• Difficulty breathing
• Wheezing
• Swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat
• Anaphylactic shock

These situations are considered medical emergencies and require immediate treatment by administering adrenaline.

Products containing latex

Natural latex is very elastic and durable, which is why it is widely used and found in many products we use every day. These include:

• Medical and household gloves
• Some condoms and contraceptive diaphragms
• Some sanitary napkins and feminine care products
• Balloons and rubber toys
• Elastic bands, clothing or underwear with elastic
• Some toothbrushes
• Medical adhesives, plasters, bandages and various medical devices
• Erasers and mouse pads
• Pacifiers and bottles
• Rubber belts
• Sink stoppers
• Many other household products.

Because it is present in so many common objects, it can be a real challenge for people with allergies to avoid latex products. Patients are advised to read product labels carefully and choose those that contain alternative materials such as silicone, neoprene, nitrile or vinyl.

When should I see a doctor if I have a latex allergy?

You should talk to your doctor as soon as you suspect you have a latex allergy, for example if you experience repeated itching, redness, or irritation after contact with latex products. They can help you identify the exact type of allergy and explain what precautions you should take.

Seek emergency medical attention if you notice signs of a severe allergic reaction such as:

• Facial swelling
• Swellings on the tongue
• Difficulty breathing or swallowing.

How is latex allergy diagnosed?

The diagnosis is made by the allergist, based on your medical history and specific tests. First, he will ask you what symptoms you have noticed, how frequently and in what context they have occurred. He may then recommend other investigations:

• Skin tests such as the prick test: a small amount of latex extract is applied to the skin to observe the local reaction and detect whether specific IgE antibodies are present.
• Blood tests: to measure the level of specific IgE antibodies produced against latex proteins.
• Controlled challenge tests: Rarely, when the diagnosis is unclear, a gradual latex exposure test may be performed. This is done only under strict medical supervision to assess the body's reaction.

Treatment for latex allergy

Currently, there is no treatment that can permanently cure latex allergy. The approach is preventive and consists of avoiding all contact with products containing latex. These can be replaced with alternatives containing neoprene, nitrile, vinyl or other safe materials.

Patients with mild symptoms may be prescribed oral antihistamines to reduce itching, hives, or sneezing. In severe cases, topical corticosteroids may be recommended to manage the rash, or oral corticosteroids to control systemic inflammation.

Patients with severe allergies, who are at risk of anaphylactic shock, are prescribed an adrenaline auto-injector (EpiPen) that they must always carry with them and which must be administered urgently at the first signs of an allergic reaction.

How to prevent latex allergy

The most effective way to prevent latex allergy is to avoid direct or indirect contact with products containing latex. Here's what you can do if you experience such a sensitivity:

• Always read product labels and choose latex-free products, including when it comes to clothing, supplies, toys, or condoms.
• Avoid powdered gloves that can release latex particles into the air.
• Use nitrile, vinyl, or neoprene gloves instead of natural rubber.
• Also check the label of care products such as pads, tampons and lubricants, as conventional products can contain various allergens. Use hypoallergenic intimate care products , dermatologically tested and gentle on sensitive skin, such as those from Enroush.
• Inform your doctor, dentist, or esthetician about this allergy so they can ensure they use only safe equipment.

Frequently asked questions about latex allergy

Less than 1 in 100 people in the general population have a latex allergy, according to the Cleveland Clinic, but up to 12 percent of healthcare workers are affected, and the incidence is rising. As the number of cases of latex hypersensitivity increases, so too do questions about the risks and treatment.

If you suspect you have an allergy, you should talk to your doctor for confirmation and personalized recommendations. In the meantime, below we have prepared some helpful answers to the most frequently asked questions about latex allergy:

Who is at higher risk of developing a latex allergy?

People who frequently come into contact with latex products are at higher risk of developing sensitivity. These include healthcare workers (doctors, nurses, dentists), rubber workers, cleaning workers, and people who have undergone multiple surgeries.

Also, people with other allergies or a family history of allergic conditions are at higher risk of developing a latex allergy.

Can latex allergy be cured?

Latex allergy cannot be cured, but you can effectively manage your symptoms by avoiding exposure and following your doctor's recommended treatment. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, your allergist can develop a personalized prevention and treatment plan to avoid allergic reactions and discomfort.

Can I be allergic to other substances if I have a latex allergy?

Yes. Certain proteins in latex are similar to those found in various fruits and can cause similar allergic reactions. The phenomenon is known as latex-fruit syndrome. People allergic to latex may also be allergic to bananas, kiwi, avocados, or chestnuts.

Can children develop a latex allergy?

Yes, children can also develop such an allergy, especially those who suffer from congenital conditions and who have undergone multiple surgeries, being exposed early and repeatedly to products containing latex.

Can a latex allergy appear suddenly, even if I haven't had any problems before?

Latex allergy develops over time through repeated exposure to the proteins in natural rubber. You can use latex-containing products for years without any reaction, while your body gradually becomes sensitized. It is important to watch for any unusual skin or respiratory reactions.

What happens if I don't treat my latex allergy?

Repeated exposure to products that cause allergies can increase your body's sensitivity. Over time, mild reactions can become severe and can even lead to anaphylactic shock. It is recommended to consult a doctor and avoid contact with latex from the first allergic reactions to prevent complications.

What should an emergency kit contain for a person allergic to latex?

People with a confirmed allergy should always have oral antihistamines on hand for relief of mild symptoms and, depending on the doctor's recommendation, oral corticosteroids and an adrenaline auto-injector (EpiPen) for anaphylactic reactions.

It is equally important to inform family members and people around them to ensure correct intervention in the event of a severe reaction.

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